Martin Seligman

Martin E. P. "Marty" Seligman (born August 12, 1942, in Albany, New York) is an American psychologist and author of self-help books. His theory of "learned helplessness" is widely respected among scientific psychologists. He is the director of the Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania.

According to Haggbloom et al.'s study of the most eminent psychologists of the 20th century, Seligman was the 13th most frequently cited psychologist in introductory psychology textbooks throughout the century, as well as the 31st most eminent overall.

Seligman is the Zellerbach Family Professor of Psychology in the University of Pennsylvania's Department of Psychology. He was previously the Director of the Clinical Training Program in the department. Seligman was elected President of the American Psychological Association by the widest margin in its history and served in that capacity during the 1998 term. He is the founding editor-in-chief of Prevention and Treatment Magazine (the APA electronic journal), and is on the board of advisers of Parents (magazine)|Parents.

Seligman has written about positive psychology topics such as The Optimistic Child, Child's Play, Learned Optimism, and, in 2002, Authentic Happiness.

Learned helplessness

Seligman's foundational experiments and theory of "learned helplessness" began at University of Pennsylvania in 1967, as an extension of his interest in depression. Quite by accident, Seligman and colleagues discovered that the conditioning of dogs led to outcomes that were opposite to the predictions of B.F. Skinner's behaviorism, then a leading psychological theory.

Seligman developed the theory further, finding learned helplessness to be a psychological condition in which a human being or an animal has learned to act or behave helplessly in a particular situation - usually after experiencing some inability to avoid an adverse situation - even when it actually has the power to change its unpleasant or even harmful circumstance. Seligman saw a similarity with severely depressed patients, and argued that clinical depression and related mental illnesses result in part from a perceived absence of control over the outcome of a situation.

According to author Jane Mayer, Seligman gave a talk at the Navy SERE school in San Diego in 2002, which he said was a three-hour talk on helping U.S. soldiers to resist torture, based on his understanding of learned helplessness.

Positive psychology

Seligman worked with Christopher Peterson to create the what they describe as a 'positive' counterpart to the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). While the DSM focuses on what can go wrong, Character Strengths and Virtues s designed to look at what can go right. In their research they looked across cultures and across millennia to attempt to distill a manageable list of virtues that have been highly valued from ancient China and India, through Greece and Rome, to contemporary Western cultures. Their list includes six character strengths: wisdom/knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence. Each of these has perhaps a half-dozen sub-entries - for instance, temperance includes forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-regulation. One of their key points is that they do not believe that there is a hierarchy for the six virtues – no one is more fundamental than or a precursor to the others.

Positive psychology and its applications have come under criticism from clergy, academics, and other writers. Author and former New York Times correspondent Chris Hedges described it as "a quack science that throws a smoke screen over corporate domination, abuse and greed." Hedges and others have noted the large corporate and foundation contributions Seligman has garnered for his work with positive psychology as well as a sole-source contract with the U.S. Army worth $31 million over three years which Seligman secured for his Positive Psychology Center in 2010.

 Re :“water pipelines” can only trrnspoat to 150 Km., at that point, the water doesn’t flow properly causing an increase in bacterial risk.I've heard of a very old but tried and true system called  rivers . That old technology could be used as a basis, eh? Of course, there is another old technology. Called  clouds . Maybe something proportionate could be thunk up from that   sort of like lightning and batteries, or Leyden jars or   well. Let's say there could be ways   if there really were any will. The same applies to several other  insoluble problems  as posed by the usual posers.But that would recquire people who's heads aren't mired in apathic mindless vacuos raucous torpor.The thing with horror stories. The sequels never end. And good luck to whomever  shuts out  one of the cradles of culture full of Western European identity, history, ideas, and treasures both material and immaterial. Including sun power potential. And tidal power potential. . They might open up their portals to the rest of the world. Is Greece still good for a Med   or World   renaissance? A  spring ?

On Conversion/Reparative Therapy

In 1966, Martin E.P. Seligman reported that, while using aversion therapy to try to change gay men's sexual orientation to heterosexual was controversial, in some instances, the process "worked surprisingly well", with up to 50% of men subjected to such therapy not acting on their homosexual urges. These results produced what Seligman described as "a great burst of enthusiasm about changing homosexuality that swept over the therapeutic community" after the results were reported in 1966. However, Seligman notes that the findings were later demonstrated to be flawed: most of the men treated with aversion therapy who did in fact stop homosexual behavior were actually bisexual. Among men with an exclusive or near-exclusive homosexual orientation, aversion therapy was far less successful.

Personal life

According to an interview last year for his electronic journal Prevention and Treatment Seligman said magenta was his favorite color because of the amazing calming effects of the color on the human body. He plays bridge, and finished second in one of the three major North American pair championships, the Blue Ribbon Pairs (1997), and has done well in many regional championships. He has seven children, four grandchildren and two dogs, Rosie and Lily. Seligman was inspired by the work of the psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck at the University of Pennsylvania in refining his own cognitive techniques and exercises.

Publications

• Seligman, Martin E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0752-7 (Paperback reprint edition, W.H. Freeman, 1992, ISBN 0-7167-2328-X)
• Seligman, Martin E. P. (1991). Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-671-01911-2 (Paperback reprint edition, Penguin Books, 1998; reissue edition, Free Press, 1998)
• Seligman, Martin E. P. (1993). What You Can Change and What You Can't: The Complete Guide to Successful Self-Improvement. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-41024-4 (Paperback reprint edition, Ballantine Books, 1995, ISBN 0-449-90971-9)
• Seligman, Martin E. P. (1996). The Optimistic Child: Proven Program to Safeguard Children from Depression & Build Lifelong Resilience. New York: Houghton Mifflin. (Paperback edition, Harper Paperbacks, 1996, ISBN 0-06-097709-4)
• Seligman, Martin E. P. (2002). Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-2297-0 (Paperback edition, Free Press, 2004, ISBN 0-7432-2298-9)
• Seligman, Martin E. P. (2004). '"Can Happiness be Taught?". Daedalus, Spring 2004.
• Peterson, Christopher, & Seligman, Martin E. P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 987-0-19-516701-6

Paul,The '60s decline in motlairy was not the first time such a decline happened.The flapper era of the 20s was another well documented time this has happened.Each of these times there was an excess of marriageable females over males.Women want to have children. This is a biological fact. They prefer, if possible, to have such children in a stable family structure. If such structure is not available due to a lack of men then they will have children without the benefit of such structure."Honor killings" and other such devices are how some cultures keep the M/F ratio in balance. If we do not wish to resort to such devices we are going to either have to figure another way of redressing the balance or accept that as much as we might prefer a traditiional motlairy, it may be biologically impossible to obtain. Or we may have to bring back another traditional form of marriage, polygamy.Supply and demand rules sexual motlairy as much as it rules prices in an economic market. Bernard Shaw once pointed out that in terms of reproduction a woman would rather have 1/10th of a first rate man rather than all of a second rate one. Maybe he was on to something.

Today I institute deiefrfnces in the Internet unencumbered of ads Boardfreeads.com. Important scheme, expertly rumination usability. And most importantly, free ads and articles on all the topics that interest you. It should be added, the position offers international. Who knows hither these ?