Positive psychology

From Psychotherapedia
Revision as of 00:13, 22 June 2012 by 211.144.76.7 (Talk) (→‎The meaningful life)

Jump to: navigation, search

Kick the tires and light the fires, problem officially solevd! Positive psychology is a recent branch of psychology whose purpose was summed up in 2000 by Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi: "We believe that a psychology of positive human functioning will arise that achieves a scientific understanding and effective interventions to build thriving in individuals, families, and communities."[1] Positive psychologists seek "to find and nurture genius and talent", and "to make normal life more fulfilling",[2] not simply to treat mental illness. The field is intended to complement, not to replace traditional psychology.

By scientifically studying what has gone right, rather than wrong in both individuals and societies, Positive Psychology hopes to achieve a renaissance of sorts. Many researchers have joined the positive psychology movement, and it continues to generate influential and well-cited articles in mainstream, top-tier journals.

Background

Several humanistic psychologists—such as Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Erich Fromm—developed theories and practices that involved human happiness. Recently the theories of human flourishing developed by these humanistic psychologists have found empirical support from studies by positive psychologists. Positive psychology has also moved ahead in a number of new directions.

Positive psychology began as a new area of psychology in 1998 when Martin Seligman, considered the father of the modern positive psychology movement,[3] chose it as the theme for his term as president of the American Psychological Association,[4] though the term originates with Maslow, in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality,[5] and there have been indications that psychologists since the 1950s have been increasingly focused on promoting mental health rather than merely treating illness.[6][7] Seligman pointed out that for the half century clinical psychology "has been consumed by a single topic only - mental illness",[8] echoing Maslow’s comments.[9] He urged psychologists to continue the earlier missions of psychology of nurturing talent and improving normal life.[2]

The first positive psychology summit took place in 1999. The First International Conference on Positive Psychology took place in 2002.[2] More attention was given by the general public in 2006 when, using the same framework, a course at Harvard University became particularly popular.[10] In June 2009, the First World Congress on Positive Psychology took place.[11]

Historical roots

Positive psychology finds its roots in the humanistic psychology of the 20th century, which focused heavily on happiness and fulfillment. Earlier influences on positive psychology came primarily from philosophical and religious sources, as scientific psychology did not take its modern form until the late 19th century. (See History of psychology)

Judaism promotes a Divine command theory of happiness: happiness and rewards follow from following the commands of the divine.[2]

The ancient Greeks had many schools of thought. Socrates advocated self-knowledge as the path to happiness. Plato's allegory of the cave influenced western thinkers who believe that happiness is found by finding deeper meaning. Aristotle believed that happiness, or eudaimonia is constituted by rational activity in accordance with virtue over a complete life. The Epicureans believed in reaching happiness through the enjoyment of simple pleasures. The Stoics believed they could remain happy by being objective and reasonable.[2]

Christianity continued to follow the Divine command theory of happiness. In the Middle Ages, Christianity taught that true happiness would not be found until the afterlife. The seven deadly sins are about earthly self-indulgence and narcissism. On the other hand, the Four Cardinal Virtues and Three Theological Virtues were supposed to keep one from sin.[2]

During the Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment, individualism came to be valued. Simultaneously, creative individuals gained prestige, as they were now considered to be artists, not just craftsmen. Utilitarian philosophers such as John Stuart Mill believed that moral actions are those actions that maximize happiness for the most number of people, suggesting an empirical science of happiness should be used to determine which actions are moral (a science of morality). Thomas Jefferson and other proponents of democracy believed that "Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" are inalienable rights, and that it justifies the overthrow of the government.[2]

The Romantics valued individual emotional expression and sought their emotional "true selves," which were unhindered by social norms. At the same time, love and intimacy became the main motivations for people to get married.[2]

Methods

"Happiness" encompasses many different emotional and mental phenomena (see below). One method of assessment is Ed Diener's Satisfaction with Life Scale. This 5-question survey corresponds well with impressions from friends and family, and low incidences of depression.[12]

File:John Singleton Copley 003.jpg
The "Remembering self" may not be the best source of information for pleasing the "Experiencing self"

Rather than long-term, big picture appraisals, some methods attempt to identify the amount of positive affect from one activity to the next. Some scientists use beepers to remind volunteers to write down the details of their current situation. Alternatively, volunteers complete detailed diary entries each morning about the day before.[12] An interesting discrepancy arises when researchers compare the results of these short-term "experience sampling" methods, with long-term appraisals. Namely, the latter may not be very accurate; people may not know what makes their life pleasant from one moment to the next. For instance, parents' appraisals mention their children as sources of pleasure, and yet 'experience sampling' indicates that they were not enjoying caring for their children compared to other activities.[12][13]

Psychologist Daniel Kahneman explains this discrepancy by differentiating between happiness according to the 'Experiencing Self' compared to the 'Remembering Self'. Kahneman explains that, when we are asked to reflect on experiences, memory biases like the Peak-End effect (e.g. we mostly remember the dramatic parts of a vacation, and how it was at the end) play a large role. One of his more striking findings was in a study of colonoscopy patients. By adding 60 seconds to this invasive procedure, Kahneman actually got participants to report the colonoscopy as more pleasant. He accomplished this by making sure that, for the extra 60 seconds, the colonoscopy instrument was not moved, since movement is the source of the most discomfort. Thus, Kahneman was appealing to the Remembering Self's tendency to focus on the end of the experience. Such findings help explain human error in Affective forecasting - people's ability to predict their future emotional states.[13]

Michael Argyle developed the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire[14] as a broad measure of psychological well-being. This has been criticized as an aggregate of self-esteem, sense of purpose, social interest and kindness, sense of humor and aesthetic appreciation.[15]

Neuroscientific approach

Neuroscience and brain imaging has shown increasing potential for helping science understand happiness and sadness. Though it may be impossible to achieve any comprehensive measure of happiness objectively, some physiological correlates to happiness can be measured. Stefan Klein, in his book The Science of Happiness, links the dynamics of neurobiological systems (i.e., dopaminergic, opiate) to the concepts and findings of positive psychology and social psychology.[16]

Nobel prize winner Eric Kandel and researcher Cynthia Fu describe their findings that depression can be diagnosed very accurately just by looking at fMRI brain scans.[17] The idea is that, by identifying neural correlates for emotions, scientists may be able to use methods like brain scans to tell us more about all the different ways of being "happy".

AFAICT you've covered all the bases with this aswner!

Assalamu Alejkum vsem! Esli mogno,otvet'te na vopros.Objazatel'no li svsarohet' polnoe omovenie posle prosmotra genekologa ili ispol'zovanija svechej i tamponov v lechebnyh celjah, kak my objazany svsarohet' posle mesjachnyh ili vstrechi s mugem.Zaranee DgazakALLANU hajran.

Theory

Broad theories

Some researchers[18] in this field posit that positive psychology can be delineated into three overlapping areas of research:

  1. Research into the Pleasant Life, or the "life of enjoyment", examines how people optimally experience, forecast, and savor the positive feelings and emotions that are part of normal and healthy living (e.g. relationships, hobbies, interests, entertainment, etc.). Martin Seligman says that this most transient element of happiness may be the least important, despite the attention it is given.[12]
  2. The study of the Good Life, or the "life of engagement", investigates the beneficial effects of immersion, absorption, and flow that individuals feel when optimally engaged with their primary activities. These states are experienced when there is a positive match between a person's strength and the task they are doing, i.e. when they feel confident that they can accomplish the tasks they face. (See related concepts, Self-efficacy and play)
  3. Inquiry into the Meaningful Life, or "life of affiliation", questions how individuals derive a positive sense of well-being, belonging, meaning, and purpose from being part of and contributing back to something larger and more permanent than themselves (e.g. nature, social groups, organizations, movements, traditions, belief systems).

These categories appear to be neither widely disputed nor adopted by researchers across the 12 years that this academic area has been in existence. Martin Seligman originally proposed these 3 categories, but has since suggested that the last category, "meaningful life", be considered as 3 different categories. The resulting acronym is PERMA (Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and purpose, and Accomplishments).[19]

File:Slavyansky-Family portrait.jpg
A portrait commemorating a family's day together

Professor Philip Zimbardo suggests we might also analyze happiness from a "Time Perspective". Zimbardo suggests sorting people's focus in life by valence (positive or negative) but also by their time perspective (past, present, or future orientation). Doing so may reveal some conflicts between individuals to be conflicts, not over whether an activity is enjoyed, but whether one prefers to risk delaying gratification further. Zimbardo also believes that research reveals an optimal balance of perspectives for a happy life; he says our focus on reliving positive aspects of our past should be high, followed by time spent believing in a positive future, and finally spending a moderate (but not excessive) amount of time enjoying the present.[20]

The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions suggests that positive emotions (e.g. happiness, interest, anticipation)[21] broaden one's awareness and encourage novel, varied, and exploratory thoughts and actions. Over time, this broadened behavioral repertoire builds skills and resources. For example, curiosity about a landscape becomes valuable navigational knowledge; pleasant interactions with a stranger become a supportive friendship; aimless physical play becomes exercise and physical excellence.

This is in contrast to negative emotions, which prompt narrow survival-oriented behaviors. For example, the negative emotion of anxiety leads to the specific fight-or-flight response for immediate survival.[21]

Below, research is sorted according to which of Seligman's categories it may be most (but not strictly) related (i.e. the "pleasant", "good", or "meaningful" life). Since these are still fuzzy classifications, research mentioned in one section may be quite relevant in another.

The pleasant life

File:Flock of Seagulls (eschipul).jpg
Simple exercise, such as running, is cited as key to feeling happy.[22]

Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs in which more primitive desires must be met (basic physiological, sense of safety) before social needs can be met (e.g. intimacy), and certainly before one can effectively pursue more conceptual needs (e.g. morality).

There is evidence suggesting that negative emotions can be damaging. In an article titled "The undoing effect of positive emotions", Barbara Fredrickson et al. hypothesize that positive emotions undo the cardiovascular effects of negative emotions. When people experience stress, they show increased heart rate, higher blood sugar, immune suppression, and other adaptations optimized for immediate action. If individuals do not regulate these changes once the stress is past, they can lead to illness, coronary heart disease, and heightened mortality. Both lab research and survey research indicate that positive emotions help people who were previously under stress relax back to their physiological baseline.[23] Other research shows that improved mood is one of the various benefits of physical exercise.[22]

The good life

Self-efficacy is one's belief in one's ability to accomplish a task by one's own efforts. Low self-efficacy is associated with depression; high self-efficacy can help one overcome abuse, overcome eating disorders, and maintain a healthy lifestyle. High self-efficacy also improves the immune system, aids in stress management, and decreases pain.[24] A related but somewhat differing concept is Personal effectiveness which is primarily concerned with the methodologies of planning and implementation of accomplishment.

Flow

Flow, or a state of absorption in one's work, is characterized by intense concentration, loss of self-awareness, a feeling of being perfectly challenged (neither bored nor overwhelmed), and a sense that "time is flying." Flow is an intrinsically rewarding experience, and it can also help one achieve a goal (e.g. winning a game) or improve skills (e.g. becoming a better chess player).[25] Being challenged means flow is, of course, temporarily exciting and stressful, but this Eustress is not harmful because it is not chronic stress.

Czikszentmihalyi identifies nine elements of flow: 1. There are clear goals every step of the way, 2. There is immediate feedback to one's action, 3. There is a balance between challenges and skills, 4. Action and awareness are merged, 5. Distractions are excluded from consciousness, 6. There is no worry of failure, 7. Self-consciousness disappears, 8. The sense of time becomes distorted, 9. The activity becomes "autotelic" (an end in itself, done for its own sake) [26]

Mindfulness

Mindfulness, may be defined as the intentionally-focused awareness of one's immediate experience. The experience is one of a moment-by-moment attention to thoughts, emotions, physical sensations, and surroundings. To practice mindfulness is to become grounded in the present moment; one's role is simply as observer of the arising and passing away of experience. One does not judge the experiences and thoughts, nor do they try to 'figure things out' and draw conclusions, or change anything - the challenge during mindfulness is to simply observe.[27][28] Benefits of mindfulness practice include reduction of stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain.[29]

Advocates of focusing on present experiences also mention research by Psychologist Daniel Gilbert, who suggests that daydreaming, instead of focusing on the present, may impede happiness. [30] [31] Other psychologists (see Zimbardo's "Time Perspectives" above) say that it is still important to spend time recalling past positive experiences, and building positive expectations for the future.

Hamous, from yesterday. Thanks for the Florida htosiry book tip. It looks really good. In the same genre, my favorite Texas historian is J. Frank Dobie.Short bio.James Frank Dobie (September 26, 1888–September 18, 1964) was an American folklorist, writer, and newspaper columnist best known for many books depicting the richness and traditions of life in Texas ranging from Cortez to early Texas raching.He taught in the English department at the University of Texas for many years and was a lecturer on U.S. htosiry at Cambridge during World War II.His creedoI feel no resentment so strongly as that against forces which make men and women afraid to speak out forthrightly. The noblest satisfaction I have is in witnessing the up movement of suppressed individuals and people. I make no pretense to having rid myself of all prejudices, but at times when I have discovered myself freed from certain prejudices, I have felt rare exhilaration.For me, the beautiful resides in the physical, but it is spiritual. I have never heard a sermon as spiritual in either phrase or fact as, “Waters on a starry night are beautiful and free.” No hymn lifts my heart higher than the morning call of the bobwhite or the long fluting cry of sandhill cranes out of the sky at dusk. I have never smelled incense in a church as refining to the spirit as a spring breeze laden with aroma from a field of bluebonnets.Not all hard truths are beautiful, but beauty is truth. It incorporates love and is incorporated by love. It is the goal of all great art. Its presence everywhere makes it free to all. It is not so abstract as justice, but beauty and intellectual freedom and justice, all incorporating truth and goodness, are constant sustainers to my mind and spirit.

Benefits in education

Positive psychology is beneficial to schools and students as it encourages individuals to strive to do the best they can whereas scolding has the opposite effect. Clifton and Rath [32] discuss the research conducted by Dr. Elizabeth Hurlock in 1925. She designed a study around fourth to sixth grade students to see the effect praise, criticism and ignorance of the students work could have on them. The outcome was determined by how many math problems the children solved after 2, 3, 4, and 5 days. Children who scored a high mark in a maths test were named and praised in front of the class. Those who did poorly were openly scolded in front of the class and those who did very poorly were completely ignored after watching the other students being scolded and praised. A control group was taken to a different room and sat the same test but were given no feedback on their work. Students who were praised or criticised had a higher score on the second day. On the third and fourth day, the students who were criticised were equal with the students who were ignored. The students who were praised continued to excel in their work to the end of the study. The overall improvement was that the praised students improved by 71%, the students who were criticised increased their performance by 19% and those who were ignored increased by 5%. This study shows the importance of embracing positive psychology in schools. Ignoring or criticising students can hinder their education. Positive emotions enable individuals to learn and work to the best of their ability.

According to Clifton and Rath [32] ninety nine out of one hundred people would prefer to be around positive people. The individuals believe that they work more productively when they are around positive people. Positive emotions are contagious so having a teacher or student who is positive can help the other students to be positive and work to the best of their abilities. If there is one negative person, it can ruin the entire positive vibe in an environment. Clifton and Rath [32] believe that ‘positive emotions are an essential daily requirement for survival’.

Thanks for ones marvelous ponistg! I truly enjoyed reading it, you may be a great author.I will always bookmark your blog and definitely will come back at some point. I want to encourage that you continue your great work, have a nice weekend!

Criticism

Sample (2003) notes that it is argued by Steven Wolin, a clinical psychiatrist at George Washington University in Washington DC, that the study of positive psychology is a reiteration of older ways of thinking in positive psychology.

The uptake of positive psychology by the popular press, primarily promoting among other claims the health benefits of positive psychology. Snyder and Lopez (cited in Held 2004, p. 17) warn of possible damage to the field of positive psychology through the scientific community becoming caught up in the media’s claims of positive psychology. Warning researchers of the field, Snyder and Lopez suggest that they remain within the parameters of scientific professionalism and utilise any research or studies appropriately.[33]

Some negative attributes of positive psychology as described by Held (2004) include the movement’s lack of consistency towards the aspect of negativity. She raised issues with the simplistic approach taken by some psychologists in the application of positive psychology. A ‘one size fits all’ approach is not seen by Held to be beneficial to the advancement of the field of positive psychology, and she suggested a need for individual differences to be incorporated into its application.[33]

Held (2004) argued that while positive psychology makes contributions to the field of psychology, that it is not without its faults. Her 2004 article in the Journal of Humanistic Psychology, vol.44, no.1. offered insight into topics including the negative side effects of positive psychology, the negativity that can be found within the positive psychology movement and the current division inside the field of psychology caused by the differing opinions held by psychologists on positive psychology.[33]

Science has proven beoynd doubt as being a blessing meant for virtually any and every area. One of the most revolutionary as well as effective procedure for advertising an individual's enterprise is certainly through web that is definitely all because of the tech breakthroughs.

Notes

  1. ↑ Seligman, Martin E.P.; Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (2000). "Positive Psychology: An Introduction". American Psychologist 55 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5. PMID 11392865. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Compton, William C, (2005). "1". An Introduction to Positive Psychology. Wadsworth Publishing. pp. 1–22. ISBN 0-534-64453-8. 
  3. ↑ Goldberg, Carey. "Harvard's crowded course to happiness." The Boston Globe. March 10, 2006.
  4. ↑ "Time Magazine's cover story in the special issue on "The Science of Happiness", 2005" (PDF). http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/images/TimeMagazine/Time-Happiness.pdf. Retrieved 2011-02-07. 
  5. ↑ Note: the last chapter is entitled "Toward a Positive Psychology".
  6. ↑ J. Secker (1998). "Current conceptualizations of mental health and mental health promotion". Health Education Research. http://www.her.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/13/1/57.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-18. "... Amongst psychologists ... the importance of promoting health rather than simply preventing ill-health date back to the 1950s (Jahoda, 1958). ... see page 58" 
  7. ↑ Dianne Hales (2010). "An Invitation to Health, Brief: Psychological Well-Being 2010-2011 Edition". Wadsworth Cengage Learning. http://books.google.com/books?id=oP91HVIMPRIC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=%22democracy%22+%22mentally+healthy+person%22+description&source=bl&ots=ws3VY1Q_8u&sig=Y0eVG5AZQWzV6EyTM85fnh0Hb-A&hl=en&ei=ehHzS_fiFYG-9QTB3cxa&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CEEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-05-18. "see page 26 for discussion on Positive Psychology regarding Martin Seligman's conception" 
  8. ↑ Seligman, Martin E.P. (2002). Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. xi. ISBN 0-7432-2297-0.
  9. ↑ "The science of psychology has been far more successful on the negative than on the positive side. It has revealed to us much about man’s shortcomings, his illness, his sins, but little about his potentialities, his virtues, his achievable aspirations, or his full psychological height. It is as if psychology has voluntarily restricted itself to only half its rightful jurisdiction, than the darker, meaner half." (Maslow, Motivation and Psychology, p. 354).
  10. ↑ Ben-Shahar, Ben (2007) "Happier -Learn the Secrets to Daily Joy and Lasting Fulfillment", First Edition, McGraw-Hill Co.
  11. ↑ Reuters, Jun 18, 2009: First World Congress on Positive Psychology Kicks Off Today With Talks by Two of the World's Most Renowned Psychologists
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYSciHap
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Daniel Kahneman: The riddle of experience vs. memory | Video on". Ted.com. http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/daniel_kahneman_the_riddle_of_experience_vs_memory.html. Retrieved 2011-02-07. 
  14. ↑ Happiness Questionnaire by Michael Argyle and Peter Hills, a survey of current level of happiness. See also discussion in Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1073–1082.
  15. ↑ The approach has been criticized as overlapping too much with related concepts, and for lacking a theoretical model of happiness. Kashdan, Todd B. (2004). "The assessment of subjective well-being (issues raised by the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire)". Personality and Individual Differences 36: 1225–1232. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00213-7. http://mason.gmu.edu/~tkashdan/publications/happy.PDF. 
  16. ↑ Klein, Stefan (2006). The Science of Happiness. Marlowe & Company. ISBN 1-56924-328-X. 
  17. ↑ "Diagnosis - Radiolab". Wnyc.org. http://www.wnyc.org/shows/radiolab/episodes/2008/12/05. Retrieved 2011-02-07. 
  18. ↑ Seligman, Martin E.P. (2002). Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment.. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 275. ISBN 0-7432-2297-0. 
  19. ↑ "THE WORLD QUESTION CENTER 2011— Page 2". Edge.org. http://www.edge.org/q2011/q11_2.html. Retrieved 2011-02-07. 
  20. ↑ "Philip Zimbardo prescribes a healthy take on time | Video on". Ted.com. http://www.ted.com/talks/philip_zimbardo_prescribes_a_healthy_take_on_time.html. Retrieved 2011-02-07. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Compton, William C, (2005). "2". An Introduction to Positive Psychology. Wadsworth Publishing. pp. 23–40. ISBN 0-534-64453-8. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Best Benefit of Exercise? Happiness, Robin Loyd, Fox News, May 30, 2006.
  23. ↑ "Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). "The undoing effect of positive emotions", ''Motivation and Emotion''. 24, 237-258." (PDF). http://www.unc.edu/peplab/publications/undo_2000.pdf. Retrieved 2011-02-07. 
  24. ↑ Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review 84, 2, 191-215.
  25. ↑ Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1990), Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, New York: Harper and Row.
  26. ↑ ""In the zone": enjoyment, creativity, and the nine elements of "flow"". MeaningandHappiness.com. http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/zone-enjoyment-creativity-elements-flow/26/. Retrieved 2010-11-11. 
  27. ↑ Goldstein, J. (2003) Insight Meditation: The Practice of Freedom, Shambala, 2003
  28. ↑ Gunaratana, H. (1992), Mindfulness in Plain English, Wisdom Publications, 1992. "It should be noted that mindfulness is not an evolving term. It has a very distinct meaning that has remained the same since it was introduced over 2500 years ago. The practice is challenging and requires determination and dedication, particularly when one is starting out. As time passes, the practice becomes more natural.
  29. ↑ Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211-237.
  30. ↑ Gilbert, Daniel T. (2010-11-12). "A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind". Science. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;330/6006/932?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Killingsworth&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT. Retrieved 2010-11-16. 
  31. ↑ Tierney, John (2010-11-15). "When the Mind Wanders, Happiness Also Strays". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/16/science/16tier.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved 2010-11-16. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Clifton, D, Rath, T 2005, ‘Every moment matters’, How full is your bucket? Positive strategies for work and life, Gallup Press, New York, pp. 47-51
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Held, BS 2004, ‘The Negative Side of Positive Psychology’, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 9-41, retrieved 27 April 2010, PsycINFO database.

References

  • Argyle, Michael (2001). The Psychology of Happiness. Routledge.
  • Benard, Bonnie (2004). Resiliency: What We Have Learned. San Francisco: WestEd
  • Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Haidt, Jonathan (2005). The Happiness Hypothesis. Basic Books.
  • Haidt, J. (2003). Elevation and the positive psychology of morality. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.) Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-lived. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. (pp. 275–289).
  • Kahneman, Daniel, Diener, Ed, Schwarz, Norbert (2003). Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. Russell Sage Foundation Publications.
  • Kashdan, T.B. (2009). Curious? Discover the Missing Ingredient to a Fulfilling Life. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
  • Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.) Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-lived. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. (pp. 275–289).
  • McMahon, Darrin M. (2006). Happiness: A History. Atlantic Monthly Press.
  • Robbins, B.D (2008). What is the good life? Positive psychology and the renaissance of humanistic psychology. The Humanistic Psychologist, 36(2), 96-112.
  • Sample, I 2003, How to be happy, The Guardian UK, 18 May 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2003/nov/19/1
  • Seligman, Martin (1990). Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. Free Press.
  • Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Can Happiness be Taught?. Daedalus journal, Spring 2004.
  • Snyder, C.R., and Lopez, Shane J. (2001) Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press.
  • Ward, Tony/Maruna, Shadd: Rehabilitation. Routledge 2007.
  • Biswas-Diener, Robert, & Diener, Ed. (2004). The psychology of subjective well-being. Daedalus, (133)2, 18-25
  • Held, BS 2004, ‘The Negative Side of Positive Psychology’, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 9–41, retrieved 27 April 2010, PsycINFO database.

Further reading

External links

scroll down to the bottom of my blog page and it will give deaitls of where I got the template:) Email me if you want, there is an email address on my profile page and I will give you more info and send you a link on how to install it (seriously easy, I promise!!). Jen. Outline of psychologybg:Позитивна психология de:Positive Psychologie es:Psicología positiva fr:Psychologie positive id:Psikologi positif is:Jákvæð sálfræði it:Psicologia positiva he:פסיכולוגיה חיובית lt:Pozityvioji psichologija hu:pozitív pszichológia nl:Positieve psychologie ja:ポジティブ心理学 pt:Psicologia positiva ru:Позитивная психология sl:Pozitivna psihologija th:จิตวิทยาเชิงบวก uk:Позитивна психологія zh:正面心理学

Retrieved from "http://www.unifiedpsychotherapyproject.org/psychotherapedia/index.php?title=Positive_psychology&oldid=55421"