Difference between revisions of "Positive psychology"

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−	{{Psychology sidebar}}	+	Everyone loves what you guys tend to be up too. This sort of clever work and ceoarvge! Maintain up the great works guys Ive added you guys to my blog rolls.
−	'''Positive psychology''' is a recent branch of [[psychology]] whose purpose was summed up in 2000 by [[Martin Seligman]] and [[Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi]]: "We believe that a psychology of positive human functioning will arise that achieves a scientific understanding and effective interventions to build [[thriving]] in individuals, families, and communities."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Seligman	+
−	|first=Martin E.P.	+
−	|authorlink=	+
−	|coauthors=[[Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi|Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly]]	+
−	|title=Positive Psychology: An Introduction	+
−	|journal=American Psychologist	+
−	|volume=55	+
−	|issue=1	+
−	|pages=5–14	+
−	|year=2000|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5|pmid=11392865}}</ref> Positive psychologists seek "to find and nurture genius and talent", and "to make normal life more fulfilling",<ref name="IPP1">{{cite book|last=Compton|first=William C,|title=An Introduction to Positive Psychology|publisher=[[Wadsworth Publishing]]|year=2005|pages=1–22|chapter=1|isbn=0-534-64453-8}}</ref> not simply to treat [[mental illness]]. The field is intended to complement, not to replace traditional psychology.	+
−		+
−	By scientifically studying what has gone right, rather than wrong in both individuals and societies, Positive Psychology hopes to achieve a renaissance of sorts. Many [[List of positive psychologists|researchers have joined]] the positive psychology movement, and it continues to generate influential and well-cited articles in mainstream, top-tier journals.	+
−		+
−	==Background==	+
−	Several [[Humanistic psychology|humanistic]] psychologists—such as [[Abraham Maslow]], [[Carl Rogers]], and [[Erich Fromm]]—developed theories and practices that involved human happiness. Recently the theories of human flourishing developed by these humanistic psychologists have found empirical support from studies by positive psychologists. Positive psychology has also moved ahead in a number of new directions.	+
−		+
−	Positive psychology began as a new area of psychology in 1998 when [[Martin Seligman]], considered the father of the modern positive psychology movement,<ref>Goldberg, Carey. [http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/03/10/harvards_crowded_course_to_happiness/ "Harvard's crowded course to happiness."] ''The Boston Globe''. March 10, 2006.</ref> chose it as the theme for his term as president of the [[American Psychological Association]],<ref name="Time">{{cite web|url=http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/images/TimeMagazine/Time-Happiness.pdf |title=Time Magazine's cover story in the special issue on "The Science of Happiness", 2005 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> though the term originates with [[Abraham Maslow|Maslow]], in his 1954 book ''Motivation and Personality'',<ref>Note: the last chapter is entitled "Toward a Positive Psychology".</ref> and there have been indications that psychologists since the 1950s have been increasingly focused on promoting mental health rather than merely treating illness.<ref name=twsMay18g45r>{{cite news	+
−	|author= J. Secker	+
−	|title= Current conceptualizations of mental health and mental health promotion	+
−	|publisher= Health Education Research	+
−	|quote= ... Amongst psychologists ... the importance of promoting health rather than simply preventing ill-health date back to the 1950s (Jahoda, 1958). ... see page 58	+
−	|issue=vol. 13 no. 1	+
−	|year= 1998	+
−	|url= http://www.her.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/13/1/57.pdf	+
−	|accessdate= 2010-05-18	+
−	}}</ref><ref name=twsMay18dwwe>{{cite news	+
−	|author= Dianne Hales	+
−	|title= An Invitation to Health, Brief: Psychological Well-Being 2010-2011 Edition	+
−	|publisher= Wadsworth Cengage Learning	+
−	|quote= see page 26 for discussion on Positive Psychology regarding Martin Seligman's conception	+
−	|year= 2010	+
−	|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=oP91HVIMPRIC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=%22democracy%22+%22mentally+healthy+person%22+description&source=bl&ots=ws3VY1Q_8u&sig=Y0eVG5AZQWzV6EyTM85fnh0Hb-A&hl=en&ei=ehHzS_fiFYG-9QTB3cxa&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CEEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false	+
−	|accessdate= 2010-05-18	+
−	}}</ref> Seligman pointed out that for the half century clinical psychology "has been consumed by a single topic only - mental illness",<ref>[[Martin Seligman|Seligman, Martin E.P.]] (2002). ''Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment''. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. xi. ISBN 0-7432-2297-0.</ref> echoing Maslow’s comments.<ref>"The science of psychology has been far more successful on the negative than on the positive side. It has revealed to us much about man’s shortcomings, his illness, his sins, but little about his potentialities, his virtues, his achievable aspirations, or his full psychological height. It is as if psychology has voluntarily restricted itself to only half its rightful jurisdiction, than the darker, meaner half." (Maslow, Motivation and Psychology, p. 354).</ref> He urged psychologists to continue the earlier missions of psychology of nurturing talent and improving normal life.<ref name="IPP1"/>	+
−		+
−	The first positive psychology summit took place in 1999. The First International Conference on Positive Psychology took place in 2002.<ref name="IPP1"/> More attention was given by the general public in 2006 when, using the same framework, a course at [[Harvard University]] became particularly popular.<ref name="Happier">Ben-Shahar, Ben (2007) "Happier -Learn the Secrets to Daily Joy and Lasting Fulfillment", First Edition, McGraw-Hill Co.</ref> In June 2009, the First World Congress on Positive Psychology took place.<ref>Reuters, Jun 18, 2009: [http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS130343+18-Jun-2009+PRN20090618 First World Congress on Positive Psychology Kicks Off Today With Talks by Two of the World's Most Renowned Psychologists]</ref>	+
−		+
−	===Historical roots===	+
−	Positive psychology finds its roots in the [[humanistic psychology]] of the 20th century, which focused heavily on happiness and fulfillment. Earlier influences on positive psychology came primarily from philosophical and religious sources, as scientific psychology did not take its modern form until the late 19th century. (See [[History of psychology]])	+
−		+
−	[[Judaism]] promotes a [[Divine command theory]] of happiness: happiness and rewards follow from following the commands of the divine.<ref name="IPP1"/>	+
−		+
−	The ancient Greeks had many schools of thought. [[Socrates]] advocated [[Self-knowledge (psychology)|self-knowledge]] as the path to happiness.  [[Plato|Plato's]] [[allegory of the cave]] influenced western thinkers who believe that happiness is found by finding deeper meaning. Aristotle believed that happiness, or [[eudaimonia]] is constituted by rational activity in accordance with [[virtue]] over a complete life. The [[Epicureanism|Epicureans]] believed in reaching happiness through the enjoyment of simple pleasures. The [[Stoicism|Stoics]] believed they could remain happy by being objective and [[logos|reasonable]].<ref name="IPP1"/>	+
−		+
−	[[Christianity]] continued to follow the Divine command theory of happiness. In the [[Middle Ages]], Christianity taught that true happiness would not be found until the [[afterlife]]. The [[seven deadly sins]] are about earthly self-indulgence and [[narcissism]]. On the other hand, the [[Four Cardinal Virtues]] and [[Three Theological Virtues]] were supposed to keep one from sin.<ref name="IPP1"/>	+
−		+
−	During the [[Renaissance]] and [[Age of Enlightenment]], [[individualism]] came to be valued. Simultaneously, [[Creativity|creative]] individuals gained prestige, as they were now considered to be artists, not just craftsmen. [[Utilitarianism|Utilitarian]] philosophers such as [[John Stuart Mill]] believed that moral actions are those actions that maximize [[happiness]] for the most number of people, suggesting an [[Empiricism|empirical]] [[science]] of happiness should be used to determine which actions are moral (a [[science of morality]]). [[Thomas Jefferson]] and other proponents of [[democracy]] believed that "[[Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness]]" are inalienable rights, and that it justifies the overthrow of the government.<ref name="IPP1"/>	+
−		+
−	The [[Romanticism|Romantics]] valued individual emotional expression and sought their emotional "true selves," which were unhindered by social norms. At the same time, love and intimacy became the main motivations for people to get [[marriage|married]].<ref name="IPP1"/>	+
−		+
−	==Methods==	+
−	"Happiness" encompasses many different emotional and mental phenomena (see below). One method of assessment is [[Ed Diener]]'s Satisfaction with Life Scale. This 5-question survey corresponds well with impressions from friends and family, and low incidences of depression.<ref name=NYSciHap/>	+
−		+
−	[[File:John Singleton Copley 003.jpg|thumb|The "Remembering self" may not be the best source of information for pleasing the "Experiencing self"]]	+
−	Rather than long-term, big picture appraisals, some methods attempt to identify the amount of positive affect from one activity to the next. Some scientists use beepers to remind volunteers to write down the details of their current situation. Alternatively, volunteers complete detailed diary entries each morning about the day before.<ref name=NYSciHap/> An interesting discrepancy arises when researchers compare the results of these short-term "experience sampling" methods, with long-term appraisals. Namely, the latter may not be very accurate; people may not know what makes their life pleasant from one moment to the next. For instance, parents' appraisals mention their children as sources of pleasure, and yet 'experience sampling' indicates that they were not enjoying caring for their children compared to other activities.<ref name=NYSciHap/><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/daniel_kahneman_the_riddle_of_experience_vs_memory.html |title=Daniel Kahneman: The riddle of experience vs. memory &#124; Video on |publisher=Ted.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>	+
−		+
−	Psychologist [[Daniel Kahneman]] explains this discrepancy by differentiating between happiness according to the 'Experiencing Self' compared to the 'Remembering Self'. Kahneman explains that, when we are asked to reflect on experiences, [[List of memory biases|memory biases]] like the Peak-End effect (e.g. we mostly remember the dramatic parts of a vacation, and how it was at the end) play a large role. One of his more striking findings was in a study of colonoscopy patients. By ''adding'' 60 seconds to this invasive procedure, Kahneman actually got participants to report the colonoscopy as ''more'' pleasant. He accomplished this by making sure that, for the extra 60 seconds, the colonoscopy instrument was not moved, since movement is the source of the most discomfort. Thus, Kahneman was appealing to the Remembering Self's tendency to focus on the end of the experience. Such findings help explain human error in [[Affective forecasting]] - people's ability to predict their future emotional states.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>	+
−		+
−	[[Michael Argyle (psychologist)|Michael Argyle]] developed the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire<ref>[http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/oxford-happiness-questionnaire/214/Oxford Happiness Questionnaire] by Michael Argyle and Peter Hills, a survey of current level of happiness. See also discussion in Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of	+
−	psychological well-being. ''Personality and Individual Differences'', 33, 1073–1082.</ref> as a broad measure of psychological well-being.  This has been criticized as an aggregate of [[self-esteem]], sense of purpose, social interest and [[kindness]], sense of [[humor]] and aesthetic appreciation.<ref>The approach has been criticized as overlapping too much with related concepts, and for lacking a theoretical model of happiness. {{cite journal	+
−	| first = Todd B.	+
−	| last = Kashdan	+
−	| url = http://mason.gmu.edu/~tkashdan/publications/happy.PDF	+
−	| title = The assessment of subjective well-being (issues raised by the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire)	+
−	| journal = Personality and Individual Differences	+
−	| year = 2004	+
−	| pages = 1225–1232	+
−	| volume = 36	+
−	| doi = 10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00213-7	+
−	}}</ref>	+
−		+
−	==== Neuroscientific approach====	+
−	Neuroscience and brain imaging has shown increasing potential for helping science understand happiness and sadness. Though it may be impossible to achieve any comprehensive measure of happiness objectively, some physiological correlates to happiness can be measured. [[Stefan Klein]], in his book ''The Science of Happiness'', links the dynamics of [[Neurobiology|neurobiological]] systems (i.e., dopaminergic, opiate) to the concepts and findings of positive psychology and social psychology.<ref>{{cite book	+
−	| first = Stefan	+
−	| last =  Klein	+
−	| authorlink = Stefan Klein	+
−	| title =  The Science of Happiness	+
−	| publisher =  Marlowe & Company	+
−	| year = 2006	+
−	| isbn = 1-56924-328-X	+
−	}}</ref>	+
−		+
−	Nobel prize winner [[Eric Kandel]] and researcher [http://www.iop.kcl.ac.uk/staff/profile/default.aspx?go=10396 Cynthia Fu] describe their findings that [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] can be diagnosed very accurately just by looking at fMRI brain scans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wnyc.org/shows/radiolab/episodes/2008/12/05 |title=Diagnosis - Radiolab |publisher=Wnyc.org |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>	+
−	The idea is that, by identifying [[neural correlate]]s for [[emotions]], scientists may be able to use methods like [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|brain scans]] to tell us more about all the different ways of being "happy".	+
−		+
−	AFAICT you've covered all the bases with this aswner!	+
−		+
−	Assalamu Alejkum vsem! Esli mogno,otvet'te  na vopros.Objazatel'no li svsarohet' polnoe omovenie posle prosmotra genekologa ili ispol'zovanija svechej i tamponov v lechebnyh celjah, kak my objazany svsarohet' posle mesjachnyh ili vstrechi s mugem.Zaranee DgazakALLANU hajran.	+
−		+
−	==Theory==	+
−	===Broad theories===	+
−	Some researchers<ref name="Seligman2002">{{cite book|last=Seligman|first=Martin E.P.|title=Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment.|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York|year=2002|page=275|isbn=0-7432-2297-0}}</ref> in this field posit that positive psychology can be delineated into three overlapping areas of research:	+
−		+
−	# Research into the '''Pleasant Life''', or the "life of enjoyment", examines how people optimally experience, [[Affective forecasting|forecast]], and savor the positive feelings and emotions that are part of normal and healthy living (e.g. relationships, hobbies, interests, entertainment, etc.). Martin Seligman says that this most transient element of happiness may be the least important, despite the attention it is given.<ref name=NYSciHap/>	+
−	# The study of the '''Good Life''', or the "life of engagement", investigates the beneficial effects of immersion, absorption, and ''[[flow (psychology)|flow]]'' that individuals feel when optimally engaged with their primary activities. These states are experienced when there is a positive match between a person's strength and the task they are doing, i.e. when they feel confident that they can accomplish the tasks they face. (See related concepts, [[Self-efficacy]] and [[play (activity)|play]])	+
−	# Inquiry into the '''Meaningful Life''', or "life of affiliation", questions how individuals derive a positive sense of well-being, belonging, meaning, and purpose from being part of and contributing back to something larger and more permanent than themselves (e.g. [[biophilia|nature]], social groups, organizations, movements, traditions, belief systems).	+
−	These categories appear to be neither widely disputed nor adopted by researchers across the 12 years that this academic area has been in existence. Martin Seligman originally proposed these 3 categories, but has since suggested that the last category, "meaningful life", be considered as 3 different categories. The resulting acronym is PERMA (Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and purpose, and Accomplishments).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edge.org/q2011/q11_2.html |title=THE WORLD QUESTION CENTER 2011— Page 2 |publisher=Edge.org |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>	+
−		+
−	[[File:Slavyansky-Family portrait.jpg|thumb|A portrait commemorating a family's day together]]	+
−	Professor [[Philip Zimbardo]] suggests we might also analyze happiness from a "Time Perspective". Zimbardo suggests sorting people's focus in life by valence (positive or negative) but also by their time perspective (past, present, or future orientation). Doing so may reveal some conflicts between individuals to be conflicts, not over whether an activity is enjoyed, but whether one prefers to risk delaying gratification further. Zimbardo also believes that research reveals an optimal balance of perspectives for a happy life; he says our focus on reliving positive aspects of our past should be high, followed by time spent believing in a positive future, and finally spending a moderate (but not excessive) amount of time enjoying the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/philip_zimbardo_prescribes_a_healthy_take_on_time.html |title=Philip Zimbardo prescribes a healthy take on time &#124; Video on |publisher=Ted.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>	+
−		+
−	The [[broaden-and-build]] theory of positive emotions suggests that positive emotions (e.g. [[happiness]], [[Interest (emotion)|interest]], [[Anticipation (emotion)|anticipation]])<ref name="IPP2">{{cite book|last=Compton|first=William C,|title=An Introduction to Positive Psychology|publisher=[[Wadsworth Publishing]]|year=2005|pages=23–40|chapter=2|isbn=0-534-64453-8}}</ref> broaden one's awareness and encourage novel, varied, and exploratory thoughts and actions. Over time, this broadened behavioral repertoire builds skills and resources. For example, curiosity about a landscape becomes valuable navigational knowledge; pleasant interactions with a stranger become a supportive friendship; aimless physical play becomes exercise and physical excellence.	+
−		+
−	This is in contrast to negative emotions, which prompt narrow survival-oriented behaviors. For example, the negative emotion of [[anxiety]] leads to the specific [[fight-or-flight response]] for immediate survival.<ref name="IPP2"/>	+
−		+
−	Below, research is sorted according to which of Seligman's categories it may be most (but not strictly) related (i.e. the "pleasant", "good", or "meaningful" life). Since these are still [[fuzzy concept|fuzzy classifications]], research mentioned in one section may be quite relevant in another.	+
−		+
−	===The pleasant life===	+
−	[[File:Flock of Seagulls (eschipul).jpg|thumb|Simple exercise, such as running, is cited as key to feeling happy.<ref name=Fox>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,197466,00.html Best Benefit of Exercise? Happiness], Robin Loyd, [[Fox News]], May 30, 2006.</ref>]]	+
−		+
−	[[Abraham Maslow]] proposed a [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs|hierarchy of needs]] in which more primitive desires must be met (basic physiological, sense of safety) before social needs can be met (e.g. intimacy), and certainly before one can effectively pursue more conceptual needs (e.g. morality).	+
−		+
−	There is evidence suggesting that negative emotions can be damaging. In an article titled "The undoing effect of positive emotions", [[Barbara Fredrickson]] et al. hypothesize that positive emotions undo the cardiovascular effects of negative emotions. When people experience [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], they show increased [[heart rate]], higher [[blood sugar]], [[immune suppression]], and other adaptations optimized for immediate action. If individuals do not regulate these changes once the stress is past, they can lead to illness, [[coronary heart disease]], and heightened mortality. Both lab research and survey research indicate that positive emotions help people who were previously under stress relax back to their physiological baseline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unc.edu/peplab/publications/undo_2000.pdf |title=Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). "The undoing effect of positive emotions", '&#39;Motivation and Emotion'&#39;. 24, 237-258. |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref> Other research shows that improved mood is one of the various benefits of physical exercise.<ref name="Fox"/>	+
−		+
−	===The good life===	+
−	[[Self-efficacy]] is one's belief in one's ability to accomplish a task by one's own efforts. Low self-efficacy is associated with [[Depression (mood)|depression]]; high self-efficacy can help one overcome abuse, overcome eating disorders, and maintain a healthy lifestyle. High self-efficacy also improves the [[immune system]], aids in stress management, and decreases pain.<ref>Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review 84, 2, 191-215.</ref>	+
−	A related but somewhat differing concept is [[Personal effectiveness]] which is primarily concerned with the methodologies of planning and implementation of accomplishment.	+
−		+
−	====Flow====	+
−	[[Flow (psychology)|Flow]], or a state of absorption in one's work, is characterized by intense concentration, loss of self-awareness, a feeling of being perfectly challenged (neither bored nor overwhelmed), and a sense that "time is flying." Flow is an intrinsically rewarding experience, and it can also help one achieve a goal (e.g. winning a game) or improve skills (e.g. becoming a better chess player).<ref>Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1990), Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, New York: Harper and Row.</ref> Being challenged means flow is, of course, temporarily exciting and stressful, but this [[Eustress]] is not harmful because it is not [[chronic stress]].	+
−		+
−	Czikszentmihalyi identifies nine elements of flow:	+
−	1. There are clear goals every step of the way, 2. There is immediate feedback to one's action, 3. There is a balance between challenges and skills, 4. Action and awareness are merged, 5. Distractions are excluded from consciousness, 6. There is no worry of failure, 7. Self-consciousness disappears, 8. The sense of time becomes distorted, 9. The activity becomes "autotelic" (an end in itself, done for its own sake) <ref name="In the zone": enjoyment, creativity, and the nine elements of "flow">{{cite web |title="In the zone": enjoyment, creativity, and the nine elements of "flow" |publisher=MeaningandHappiness.com|url=http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/zone-enjoyment-creativity-elements-flow/26/|accessdate=2010-11-11}}</ref>	+
−		+
−	====Mindfulness====	+
−	[[Mindfulness (psychology)|Mindfulness]], may be defined as the intentionally-focused awareness of one's immediate experience.  The experience is one of a moment-by-moment attention to thoughts, emotions, physical sensations, and surroundings. To practice mindfulness is to become grounded in the present moment; one's role is simply as observer of the arising and passing away of experience. One does not judge the experiences and thoughts, nor do they try to 'figure things out' and draw conclusions, or change anything - the challenge during mindfulness is to simply observe.<ref>Goldstein, J. (2003) Insight Meditation: The Practice of Freedom, Shambala, 2003</ref><ref>Gunaratana, H. (1992), Mindfulness in Plain English, Wisdom Publications, 1992. "It should be noted that mindfulness is not an evolving term.  It has a very distinct meaning that has remained the same since it was introduced over 2500 years ago. The practice is  challenging and requires determination and dedication, particularly when one is starting out. As time passes, the practice becomes more natural.''</ref> Benefits of mindfulness practice include reduction of stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain.<ref>Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211-237.</ref>	+
−		+
−	Advocates of focusing on present experiences also mention research by Psychologist [[Daniel Gilbert (psychologist)|Daniel Gilbert]], who suggests that daydreaming, instead of focusing on the present, may impede happiness.	+
−	<ref>{{cite web	+
−	| title=A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind	+
−	| first = Matthew A.	+
−	| last = Killingsworth	+
−	| first = Daniel T.	+
−	| last = Gilbert	+
−	| publisher = [[Science (magazine)|Science]]	+
−	| date = 2010-11-12|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;330/6006/932?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Killingsworth&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT|accessdate=2010-11-16}}</ref>	+
−	<ref>{{cite news	+
−	| title=When the Mind Wanders, Happiness Also Strays	+
−	| first = John	+
−	| last = Tierney	+
−	| publisher = The New York Times	+
−	| date = 2010-11-15|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/16/science/16tier.html?_r=1&hp|accessdate=2010-11-16}}</ref> Other psychologists (see Zimbardo's "Time Perspectives" above) say that it is still important to spend time recalling past positive experiences, and building positive expectations for the future.	+
−		+
−	Hamous, from yesterday.  Thanks for the Florida htosiry book tip.  It looks really good.  In the same genre, my favorite Texas historian is J. Frank Dobie.Short bio.James Frank Dobie (September 26, 1888–September 18, 1964) was an American folklorist, writer, and newspaper columnist best known for many books depicting the richness and traditions of life in Texas ranging from Cortez to early Texas raching.He taught in the English department at the University of Texas for many years and was a lecturer on U.S. htosiry at Cambridge during World War II.His creedoI feel no resentment so strongly as that against forces which make men and women afraid to speak out forthrightly. The noblest satisfaction I have is in witnessing the up movement of suppressed individuals and people. I make no pretense to having rid myself of all prejudices, but at times when I have discovered myself freed from certain prejudices, I have felt rare exhilaration.For me, the beautiful resides in the physical, but it is spiritual. I have never heard a sermon as spiritual in either phrase or fact as, “Waters on a starry night are beautiful and free.” No hymn lifts my heart higher than the morning call of the bobwhite or the long fluting cry of sandhill cranes out of the sky at dusk. I have never smelled incense in a church as refining to the spirit as a spring breeze laden with aroma from a field of bluebonnets.Not all hard truths are beautiful, but beauty is truth. It incorporates love and is incorporated by love. It is the goal of all great art. Its presence everywhere makes it free to all. It is not so abstract as justice, but beauty and intellectual freedom and justice, all incorporating truth and goodness, are constant sustainers to my mind and spirit.	+
−		+
−	==Benefits in education== <!-- I don't object to the addition of this study, but it is not appropriately concise, and should accordingly be drastically cut down. -->	+
−	Positive psychology is beneficial to schools and students as it encourages individuals to strive to do the best they can whereas scolding has the opposite effect.  Clifton and Rath <ref name="Clifton, D 2005, pp. 47-51">Clifton, D, Rath, T 2005, ‘Every moment matters’, How full is your bucket? Positive strategies for work and life, Gallup Press, New York, pp. 47-51</ref> discuss the research conducted by Dr. Elizabeth Hurlock in 1925. She designed a study around fourth to sixth grade students to see the effect praise, criticism and ignorance of the students work could have on them. The outcome was determined by how many math problems the children solved after 2, 3, 4, and 5 days. Children who scored a high mark in a maths test were named and praised in front of the class. Those who did poorly were openly scolded in front of the class and those who did very poorly were completely ignored after watching the other students being scolded and praised. A control group was taken to a different room and sat the same test but were given no feedback on their work. Students who were praised or criticised had a higher score on the second day. On the third and fourth day, the students who were criticised were equal with the students who were ignored. The students who were praised continued to excel in their work to the end of the study. The overall improvement was that the praised students improved by 71%, the students who were criticised increased their performance by 19% and those who were ignored increased by 5%. This study shows the importance of embracing positive psychology in schools. Ignoring or criticising students can hinder their education. Positive emotions enable individuals to learn and work to the best of their ability.	+
−		+
−	According to Clifton and Rath <ref name="Clifton, D 2005, pp. 47-51"/> ninety nine out of one hundred people would prefer to be around positive people.  The individuals believe that they work more productively when they are around positive people.  Positive emotions are contagious so having a teacher or student who is positive can help the other students to be positive and work to the best of their abilities.  If there is one negative person, it can ruin the entire positive vibe in an environment.  Clifton and Rath <ref name="Clifton, D 2005, pp. 47-51"/> believe that ‘positive emotions are an essential daily requirement for survival’.	+
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−	Thanks for ones marvelous ponistg! I truly enjoyed reading it, you may be a great author.I will always bookmark your blog and definitely will come back at some point. I want to encourage that you continue your great work, have a nice weekend!	+
−		+
−	==Criticism==	+
−		+
−	Sample (2003) notes that it is argued by Steven Wolin, a clinical psychiatrist at [[George Washington University]] in Washington DC, that the study of positive psychology is a reiteration of older ways of thinking in positive psychology.	+
−		+
−	The uptake of positive psychology by the popular press, primarily promoting among other claims the health benefits of positive psychology. Snyder and Lopez (cited in Held 2004, p.&nbsp;17) warn of possible damage to the field of positive psychology through the scientific community becoming caught up in the media’s claims of positive psychology. Warning researchers of the field, Snyder and Lopez suggest that they remain within the parameters of scientific professionalism and utilise any research or studies appropriately.<ref name="Held 2004, pp. 9-41">Held, BS 2004, ‘The Negative Side of Positive Psychology’, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 9-41, retrieved 27 April 2010, PsycINFO database.</ref>	+
−		+
−	Some negative attributes of positive psychology as described by Held (2004) include the movement’s lack of consistency towards the aspect of negativity. She raised issues with the simplistic approach taken by some psychologists in the application of positive psychology. A ‘one size fits all’ approach is not seen by Held to be beneficial to the advancement of the field of positive psychology, and she suggested a need for individual differences to be incorporated into its application.<ref name="Held 2004, pp. 9-41"/>	+
−		+
−	Held (2004) argued that while positive psychology makes contributions to the field of [[psychology]], that it is not without its faults. Her 2004 article in the Journal of [[Humanistic Psychology]], vol.44, no.1. offered insight into topics including the negative side effects of positive psychology, the negativity that can be found within the positive psychology movement and the current division inside the field of psychology caused by the differing opinions held by psychologists on positive psychology.<ref name="Held 2004, pp. 9-41"/>	+
−		+
−	Science has proven beoynd doubt as being a blessing meant for virtually any and every area. One of the most revolutionary as well as effective procedure for advertising an individual's enterprise is certainly through web that is definitely all because of the tech breakthroughs.	+
−		+
−	==Notes==	+
−	{{reflist|30em}}	+
−		+
−	==References==	+
−		+
−	* [[Michael Argyle (psychologist)|Argyle, Michael]] (2001). ''The Psychology of Happiness''. Routledge.	+
−	* Benard, Bonnie (2004). ''Resiliency: What We Have Learned''. San Francisco: WestEd	+
−	* [[Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi|Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly]]  (1990). ''Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience''. HarperCollins Publishers.	+
−	* [[Jonathan Haidt|Haidt, Jonathan]] (2005). ''[[The Happiness Hypothesis]]''. Basic Books.	+
−	* Haidt, J. (2003). [http://faculty.virginia.edu/haidtlab/articles/haidt.elevation-and-positive-psychology.manuscript.html Elevation and the positive psychology of morality]. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.) ''Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-lived''. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. (pp.&nbsp;275–289).	+
−	* [[Daniel Kahneman|Kahneman, Daniel]], Diener, Ed, Schwarz, Norbert (2003). ''Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology''. Russell Sage Foundation Publications.	+
−	* Kashdan, T.B. (2009). [http://www.harpercollins.com/books/9780061661181/Curious/index.aspx?AA=index_authorIntro_34286 ''Curious? Discover the Missing Ingredient to a Fulfilling Life''.] New York, NY: HarperCollins.	+
−	* Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.) ''Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-lived''. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. (pp.&nbsp;275–289).	+
−	* McMahon, Darrin M. (2006). ''Happiness: A History''. Atlantic Monthly Press.	+
−	* Robbins, B.D (2008). [http://mythosandlogos.com/Goodlife.pdf What is the good life? Positive psychology and the renaissance of humanistic psychology]. ''The Humanistic Psychologist'', 36(2), 96-112.	+
−	* Sample, I 2003, ''How to be happy'', The Guardian UK, 18 May 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2003/nov/19/1	+
−	* [[Martin Seligman|Seligman, Martin]] (1990). ''Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life''. Free Press.	+
−	* Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). ''Can Happiness be Taught?''. [[Daedalus (journal)|Daedalus journal]], Spring 2004.	+
−	* Snyder, C.R., and Lopez, Shane J. (2001) ''Handbook of Positive Psychology.'' Oxford University Press.	+
−	* Ward, Tony/Maruna, Shadd: Rehabilitation. Routledge 2007.	+
−	* Biswas-Diener, Robert, & Diener, Ed. (2004). The psychology of subjective well-being. Daedalus, (133)2, 18-25	+
−	* Held, BS 2004, ‘The Negative Side of Positive Psychology’, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp.&nbsp;9–41, retrieved 27 April 2010, PsycINFO database.	+
−		+
−	==Further reading==	+
−	* Gable, S. L., & Haidt, J. (2005). What (and why) is positive psychology? ''[[Review of General Psychology]], 9,'' 103-110. [http://faculty.virginia.edu/haidtlab/articles/gable.haidt.what-is-positive-psychology.pdf Full text]	+
−	* [http://whyfiles.org/297human_needs/index.php?g=1.txt Economic Downturn: Can Money Buy Happiness?] WhyFiles.org	+
−	* Niemiec, R., & Wedding D. (2008). [http://www.hogrefe.com/program/positive-psychology-at-the-movies.html Positive Psychology at the Movies: Using Using Films to Build Virtues and Character Strengths.] Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe. http://www.hogrefe.com/program/positive-psychology-at-the-movies.html	+
−	* Eric Fromm, [http://www.worldcat.org/title/anatomy-of-human-destructiveness/oclc/677299&referer=brief_results ''The anatomy of human destructiveness''] (New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston [1973]) ISBN 0030075963	+
−		+
−	==External links==	+
−	* [http://www.div17pospsych.com/ APA Division 17, Section on Positive Psychology] American Psychological Association Division 17, Society of Counseling Psychology, Section on Positive Psychology -  dedicated to the study and promotion of positive psychology.	+
−	* [http://www.psych.uiuc.edu/~ediener/ Ed Diener, Positive Psychology], University of Illinois site.	+
−	* [http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/ Positive Psychology Center] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]	+
−	* [http://www.cgu.edu/positivepsych/ Positive Psychology] at [[Claremont Graduate University]]	+
−	* [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/martin_seligman_on_the_state_of_psychology.html Martin Seligman presentation on positive psychology (Video)] at [[TED (conference)|TED conference]]	+
−	* [http://www.butler-bowdon.com/Martin-Seligman-Authentic-Happiness ''Authentic Happiness'': A commentary on Martin Seligman's book]	+
−	* [http://www.slate.com/id/2072079/entry/2072402 Debating Human Happiness] - a conversation between [[Martin Seligman]], [[Steven Pinker]], and [[Robert Wright (journalist)|Robert Wright]]	+
−	* [http://people.virginia.edu/~jdh6n/publications.html Publications on elevation and other subjects within positive psychology], such as [http://faculty.virginia.edu/haidtlab/articles/036.gable.haidt.2005.what-is-positive-psychology.pdf "What (and Why) Is Positive Psychology?" (pdf)]	+
−	* [http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/ Meaning and Happiness] - Research on meaning and happiness from the perspective of positive psychology	+
−	* [http://www.centreforconfidence.co.uk/pp/ Centre for Confidence] - Resources for positive psychology including information on Professor [[Carol Dweck|Carol Dweck's]] work on 'mindsets'	+
−	* [http://www.ippanetwork.org/ International Positive Psychology Association] - to promote the science and practice of positive psychology and to facilitate communication and collaboration among researchers and practitioners around the world who are interested in positive psychology	+
−	* [http://www.zonepositive.com/ Zone Positive] - Created to help people thrive in their personal and professional life using the tenets of positive psychology	+
−	* [http://www.amazon.com/course-happiness-authentic-well-being-flourishing/dp/1456374133/ A course in happiness] An authentic happiness formula for well-being, meaning and flourishing - ISBN: 9781456374136	+
−	{{Psychology}}	+
−	[[Outline of psychology]]	+
−		+
−	{{DEFAULTSORT:Positive Psychology}}	+
−	[[Category:Positive psychology| ]]	+
−	[[Category:Branches of psychology]]	+
−	[[Category:Clinical psychology]]	+
−	[[Category:Psychological schools]]	+
−		+
−	[[bg:Позитивна психология]]	+
−	[[de:Positive Psychologie]]	+
−	[[es:Psicología positiva]]	+
−	[[fr:Psychologie positive]]	+
−	[[id:Psikologi positif]]	+
−	[[is:Jákvæð sálfræði]]	+
−	[[it:Psicologia positiva]]	+
−	[[he:פסיכולוגיה חיובית]]	+
−	[[lt:Pozityvioji psichologija]]	+
−	[[hu:pozitív pszichológia]]	+
−	[[nl:Positieve psychologie]]	+
−	[[ja:ポジティブ心理学]]	+
−	[[pt:Psicologia positiva]]	+
−	[[ru:Позитивная психология]]	+
−	[[sl:Pozitivna psihologija]]	+
−	[[th:จิตวิทยาเชิงบวก]]	+
−	[[uk:Позитивна психологія]]	+
−	[[zh:正面心理学]]	+

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Latest revision as of 01:56, 22 June 2012

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