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An '''Internet forum''', or '''message board''', is an online discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages.<ref name="vBfaqFORUM">{{cite web|title=vBulletin Community Forum - FAQ: What is a bulletin board?|url=http://www.vbulletin.com/forum/faq.php?faq=vb3_board_usage#faq_vb3_forums_threads_posts|publisher=vBulletin.com|quote=A bulletin board is an online discussion site. It is sometimes also called a 'board' or 'forum'. It may contain several categories, consisting of sub-forums, threads and individual posts. |accessdate = 2008-09-01}}</ref> They differ from chat rooms in that messages are at least temporarily archived. Also, depending on the access level of a user and/or the forum set-up, a posted message might need to be approved by a moderator before it becomes visible.

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~~Forums have a specific set of jargon associated with them; e.g. A single conversation is called a 'thread'.~~

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A forum is hierarchical or tree-like in structure: a forum can contain a number of subforums, each of which may have several topics. Within a forum's topic, each new discussion started is called a thread, and can be replied to by as many people as wish to.

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Depending on the forum set-up, users can be anonymous or have to register with the forum and then subsequently login in order to post messages. Usually you do not have to log in to read existing messages.

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~~==History==~~

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The modern forum originated from bulletin boards, and are a technological evolution of the dialup bulletin board system.<ref name="bbsref">{{cite web|url=http://www.videojug.com/expertanswer/internet-communities-and-forums-2/what-is-an-internet-forum |title=What is an "Internet forum"? (video entry by Ethan Feerst and Dylan Stewart group) |accessdate=2008-11-04 }}</ref><ref name="Glossary Of Technical Terms">{{cite news |title=Glossary Of Technical Terms |url=http://www.greenwebdesign.com/Glossary-Of-Technical-Terms.htm |work=Green Web Design |accessdate= 2008-04-28}}</ref> From a technological standpoint, ''forums'' or ''boards'' are web applications managing user-generated content.<ref name="Glossary Of Technical Terms"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bugclub.org/glossary.html |title=Brevard User's Group - Technical Glossary |accessdate=2008-04-28 |work=Brevard User's Group }}</ref>

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Early Internet forums could be described as a web version of an electronic mailing list or newsgroup (such as exist on Usenet); allowing people to post messages and comment on other messages. Later developments emulated the different newsgroups or individual lists, providing more than one forum, dedicated to a particular topic.<ref name="bbsref"/>

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Internet forums are prevalent in several developed countries. Japan posts the most with over two million per day on their largest forum, 2channell. China also has many millions of posts on forums such as Tianya Club.

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Forums perform a function similar to that of dial-up bulletin board systems and Usenet networks that were first created starting in the late 1970s.<ref name="bbsref"/> Early web-based forums date back as far as 1994, with the WIT<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/WIT/ |title=WIT - WWW Interactive Talk |accessdate=1995-05 |publisher=W3 Consortium}}</ref> project from W3 Consortium and starting from this time, many alternatives were created.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forum-software.org/forum-software-timeline-from-1994-to-today |title=Forum Software Timeline 1994 - 2010 |accessdate=2010-12-24 |publisher=Forum Software Reviews}}</ref> A sense of virtual community often develops around forums that have regular users. Technology, computer games and/or video games, sports, music, fashion, religion, and politics are popular areas for forum themes, but there are forums for a huge number of topics. Internet slang and image macros popular across the Internet are abundant and widely used in Internet forums.

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Forum software packages are widely available on the Internet and are written in a variety of programming languages, such as PHP, Perl, Java and Active Server Pages (ASP). The configuration and records of posts can be stored in text files or in a database. Each package offers different features, from the most basic, providing text-only postings, to more advanced packages, offering multimedia support and formatting code (usually known as BBCode). Many packages can be integrated easily into an existing website to allow visitors to post comments on articles.

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Several other web applications, such as weblog software, also incorporate forum features. Wordpress comments at the bottom of a blog post allow for a single-threaded discussion of any given blog post. Slashcode, on the other hand, is far more complicated, allowing fully threaded discussions and incorporating a robust moderation and meta-moderation system as well as many of the profile features available to forum users.

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Some stand alone threads on forums have reached fame and notability such as the "I am lonely will anyone speak to me" thread on MovieCodec.com's forums which was described as the "web's top hangout for lonely folk" by Wired Magazine.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/06/68010 wired.com]</ref>

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~~==Forum structure==~~

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A forum consists of a tree like directory structure containing at the lowest end ''topics'' (commonly called ''threads'') and inside them ''posts''. Logically forums are organized into a finite set of generic topics (usually with one main topic) driven and updated by a group known as ''members'', and governed by a group known as ''moderators''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} It can also have a graph structure. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiki.lesswrong.com/wiki/Debate_tools#Explore-Ideas.com |title=Debate tools |accessdate=2011-03-31 |publisher=LessWrong}}</ref>

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~~All message boards will use one of three possible display formats.~~

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~~Each of the three basic message board display formats: Non-Threaded/Semi-Threaded/Fully Threaded,~~

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~~has its own advantages and disadvantages. If messages are not related to one another~~

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~~at all a Non-Threaded format is best. If you have a message topic and multiple~~

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~~replies to that message topic a semi-threaded format is best. If you have a message~~

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~~topic and replies to that message topic, and replies to replies, then a fully threaded~~

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format is best.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bulletinboards.com/ThreadHelp.cfm |title=Non-Threaded vs Semi-Threaded vs Threaded Formats - BulletinBoards.com |accessdate=2010-05-27 |publisher=BulletinBoards.com}}</ref>

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~~===User groups===~~

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Internally, Western-style forums organize visitors and logged in members into user groups. Privileges and rights are given based on these groups. A user of the forum can automatically be promoted to a more privileged user group based on criteria set by the administrator.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.websitetoolbox.com/message_board/features.html |title=Message Board Features - Website Toolbox |accessdate=2009-07-12 |publisher=Website Toolbox}}</ref> A person viewing a closed thread as a ''member'' will see a box saying he does not have the right to submit messages there, but a ''moderator'' will likely see the same box granting him access to more than just posting messages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vbulletin.com/docs/html/vb2_manual_cp_usergroups |title=vBulletin Manual: User Groups and Permissions |accessdate=2008-11-04 |publisher=vBulletin}}</ref>

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An unregistered user of the site is commonly known as a ''guest'' or ''visitor''. Guests are typically granted access to all functions that do not require database alterations or breach privacy. A guest can usually view the contents of the forum or use such features as ''read marking'', but occasionally an administrator will disallow visitors to read their forum as an incentive to become a registered member.<ref group="note">''read marking'' is the process through which a thread, post or forum which has been viewed is distinguished from those which have not. The function is usually automatic with the addition of controls, like ''Mark All'' etc.</ref> A person who is a very frequent visitor of the forum, a section or even a thread is referred to as a lurker and the habit is referred to as ''lurking''. Registered members often will refer to themselves as ''lurking'' in a particular location, which is to say they have no intention of participating in that section but enjoy reading the contributions to it.

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~~====Moderators====~~

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The ''moderators'' (short singular form: "mod") are users (or employees) of the forum who are granted access to the [[#Post|posts]] and [[#Thread|threads]] of all [[#Memeber|members]] for the purpose of ''moderating discussion'' (similar to arbitration) and also keeping the forum clean (neutralizing spam and spambots etc.).<ref name="Administrator seeking moderators to control spam abuse.">{{cite web |accessdate=2010-04-20 |publisher=ddforums.com |title=Administrator seeking moderators to control spam abuse. |url=http://www.ddforums.com/showpost.php?p=12566&postcount=9}}</ref> Because they have access to all posts and threads in their area of responsibility, it is common for a friend of the site owner to be promoted to moderator for such a task. Moderators also answer users' concerns about the forum, general questions, as well as respond to specific complaints. They also can do anything to lend a helping hand to a user in need.<ref name="PlaystationForumNewUserGuide">{{cite web |accessdate=2008-12-22 |publisher=playstation.com |title=PlayStation.com Forums New User Guide. |url=http://boardsus.playstation.com/playstation/board/message?board.id=announcements&message.id=16#modteam}}</ref> Moderators themselves may have ranks: some may be given mod privileges over only a particular topic or section (called 'local'), while others (called 'global' or 'super') may be allowed access anywhere. Common privileges of moderators include: deleting, merging, moving, and splitting of posts and threads, locking, renaming, [[#Thread|stickying]] of threads, banning, suspending, unsuspending, unbanning, warning the members, or adding, editing, removing the polls of threads.<ref name="vBFAQModAdmin">{{cite web |accessdate=2008-09-14 |publisher=vBulletin.com |title=vBulletin FAQ: Moderators and Administrators |url=http://www.vbulletin.com/forum/faq.php?faq=vb3_reading_posting#faq_vb3_mods_admins}}</ref> 'Junior Modding', 'Backseat Modding', or 'Forum copping' can refer negatively to the behavior of ordinary users who take a moderator-like tone in criticizing other members.

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Essentially, it is the duty of the moderator to manage the day-to-day affairs of a forum or board as it applies to the stream of user contributions and interactions. The relative effectiveness of this user management directly impacts the quality of a forum in general, its appeal, and its usefulness as a community of interrelated users.

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~~====Administrator====~~

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The ''administrators'' (short form: "admin") manage the technical details required for running the site. As such, they may promote (and demote) [[#Member|members]] to [[#Moderator|moderators]], manage the rules, create sections and sub-sections, as well as perform any database operations (database backup, etc.). Administrators often also act as [[#Moderator|moderators]]. Administrators may also make forum-wide announcements, or change the appearance (known as the skin) of a forum.<ref name="vBFAQModAdmin"/>

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~~===Post===~~

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A ''post'' is a user-submitted message enclosed into a block containing the user's details and the date and time it was submitted. Members are usually allowed to edit or delete their own posts. Posts are contained in threads, where they appear as boxes one after another. The first post starts the thread; this may be called the TS (thread starter) or OP (original post). Posts that follow in the thread are meant to continue discussion about that post, or respond to other replies; it is not uncommon for discussions to be derailed.

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On Western forums, the classic way to show a member's own details (such as name and avatar) has been on the left side of the post, in a narrow column of fixed width, with the post controls located on the right, at the bottom of the main body, above the signature block. In more recent forum software implementations the Asian style of displaying the members' details above the post has been copied.

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Posts have an internal limit usually measured in characters. Often one is required to have a message of minimum length of 10 characters. There is always an upper limit but it is rarely reached – most boards have it at either 10,000, 20,000, 30,000 or 50,000 characters.

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Most forums keep track of a user's postcount. The postcount is a measurement of how many posts a certain user has made.<ref name="postcount">{{cite web |accessdate=2009-11-11 |publisher=TechnoFyed.com |title=Postcount Information |url=http://www.technofyed.com/showthread.php?tid=219}}</ref> Users with higher postcounts are often considered more reputable than users with lower postcounts. Some forums have disabled postcounts in the hopes that doing so will reduce the emphasis on quantity over quality of information.

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~~===Thread===~~

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A ''thread'' (sometimes called a ''topic'') is a collection of posts, usually displayed from oldest to latest, although this is typically configurable: options for newest to oldest and for a threaded view (a tree-like view applying logical reply structure before chronological order) can be available. {{anchor|OP}}A thread is defined by a title, an additional description that may summarize the intended discussion, and an opening or original post (common abbreviation ''OP'', which can also mean ''original poster'') which opens whatever dialogue or makes whatever announcement the poster wished. A thread can contain any number of posts, including multiple posts from the same members, even if they are one after the other.

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A thread is contained in a forum, and may have an associated date which is taken as the date of the last post (options to order threads by other criteria are generally available). When a member posts in a thread it will jump to the top since it is the latest updated thread. Similarly, other threads will jump in front of it when they receive posts. When a member posts in a thread for no reason but to have it go to the top, it is referred to as a ''bump'' or ''bumping''. Threads which are important but rarely receive posts are ''sticky''ed (or, in some software, 'pinned'). A ''sticky thread'' will always appear in front of normal threads, often in its own section.

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A thread's popularity is measured on forums in reply (total posts minus one – the opening post) counts. Some forums also track page views. Threads meeting a set number of posts or a set number of views may receive a designation such as "hot thread" and be displayed with a different icon compared to others threads. This icon may stand out more to emphasize the thread.

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~~==Discussion==~~

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Forums prefer a premise of open and free discussion and often adopt de facto standards. Most common topics on forums include questions, comparisons, polls of opinion as well as debates. It is not uncommon for nonsense or unsocial behavior to sprout as people lose temper, especially if the topic is controversial. Poor understanding of differences in values of the participants is a common problem on forums. Because replies to a topic are often worded aimed at someone's point of view, discussion will usually go slightly off into several directions as people question each others' validity, sources and so on. Circular discussion and ambiguity in replies can extend for several tens of posts of a thread eventually ending when everyone gives up or attention spans waver and a more interesting subject takes over. It is not uncommon for debate to end in ad hominem attacks.

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~~=== Liabilities of forum owners and moderators ===~~

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Several lawsuits have been brought against forums and moderators claiming libel and damage. A recent case is the scubaboard lawsuit where a business in the Maldives filed a suit against scubaboard for libel and defamation in January 2010.

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For the most part, though, forum owners and moderators in the United States are protected by Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which states that "[n]o provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider."

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~~==Common features==~~

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By default to be an Internet forum, the web application needs an ability to submit threads and replies. Forum software may sometimes allow categories or subforums. The chronological older-to-newer view is generally associated with forums (the newer to older being associated more akin to blogs).

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~~===Tripcodes and capcodes===~~

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In a tripcode system, a secret password is added to the user's name following a separator character (often a number sign). This password, or tripcode, is hashed into a special key, or trip, distinguishable from the name by HTML styles. Tripcodes cannot be faked but on some types of forum software they are insecure and can be guessed. On other types, they can be brute forced with software designed to search for tripcodes such as Tripcode Explorer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tripcode Explorer - Hurr Network|accessdate=2010-08-22|url=http://www.hurrchan.net/wiki/Tripcodes|publisher=Hurrchan/Courtney Wade}}</ref>

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~~Moderators and administrators will frequently assign themselves capcodes, or tripcodes where the guessable trip is replaced with a special notice (such as "# Administrator"), or cap.~~

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~~===Private message===~~

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A ''private message'', or PM for short, is a message sent in private from a member to one or more other members. The ability to send so-called carbon copies is sometimes available. When sending a ''carbon copy'' (cc), the users to whom the message is sent directly will not be aware of the recipients of the carbon copy or even if one was sent in the first place.<ref group="example">Presuming someone is sending a [[#Private message|private message]] and has the ability to send carbon copies: If someone fills the ''recipient'' field with "John" and "Tom", and the ''carbon copy'' field with "Gordon". John will know Tom got the message. Tom knows John got the message. But, both Tom and John have no clue that Gordon got the message as well.</ref>

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~~Private messages are generally used for personal conversations. They can also be used with tripcodes—a message is addressed to a public trip and can be picked up by typing in the tripcode.~~

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~~===Attachment===~~

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An attachment can be almost any file. When someone attaches a file to a post they are uploading the file to the forums' server. Forums usually have very strict limit on what can be attached and what cannot (among which the size of the files in question). Attachments can be part of a thread, social group, etc.

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~~===BBCode and HTML===~~

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HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is sometimes allowed but usually its use is discouraged or when allowed, it is extensively filtered. Modern bulletin board systems often will have it disabled altogether{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} or allow only Administrators use it, as allowing it on any Normal User level is considered a security risk due to a high rate of XSS vulnerabilities. When HTML is disabled Bulletin Board Code (BBCode) is the most common preferred alternative. BBCode usually consists of a tag, similar to HTML only instead of <code><</code> and <code>></code> the tagname is enclosed within square brackets (meaning: <code>[</code> and <code>]</code>). Commonly <code>[i]</code> is used for italic type, <code>[b]</code> is used for bold, <code>[u]</code> for underline, <code>[color="value"]</code> for color and <code>[list]</code> for lists, as well as <code>[img]</code> for images and <code>[url]</code> for links.

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The following example BBCode: <code>[b]This[/b] is [i]clever[/i] [b] [i]text[/i] [/b]</code> when the post is viewed the code is rendered to HTML and will appear as: '''This''' is ''clever'' '''''text'''''.

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Many forum packages offer a way to create Custom BBCodes, or BBcodes that are not built into the package, where the Administrator of the Board can create complex BBCodes to allow the use of javascript or iframe functions in posts, for example embedding a YouTube or Google Video complete with viewer directly into a post.

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~~===Emoticon===~~

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An emoticon or ''smiley'' is a symbol or combination of symbols used to convey emotional content in written or message form. Forums implement a system through which some of the text representations of an emoticons (e.g. <code>XD</code>, <code>:p</code>) are rendered as a small image. Depending on part the world the forum's topic originates (since most forums are international) smilies can be replaced by other forms of similar graphics, an example would be kaoani (e.g. <code>*(^O^)*</code>, <code>(^-^)b</code>), or even text between special symbols (e.g. :blink:, :idea:).

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~~===Poll===~~

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Most forums implement an opinion poll system for threads. Most implementations allow for single-choice or multi-choice (sometimes limited to a certain number) when selecting options as well as private or public display of voters. Polls can be set to expire after a certain date or in some cases after a number of days from its creation. Members vote in a poll and a statistic is displayed graphically.

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~~===RSS and ATOM===~~

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RSS and ATOM feeds allow a minimalistic means of subscribing to the forum. Common implementations only allow RSS feeds listing the last few threads updated for the forum index and the last posts in a thread.

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~~===Other forum features===~~

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An ''ignore list'' allows members to hide posts of other members that they do not want to see or have a problem with. In most implementations they are referred to as ''foe list'' or ''ignore list''. Usually the posts are not hidden, but minimized with only a small bar indicating a post from the user on the ''ignore list'' is there.<ref name="vBFAQDTU" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phpbb.com/community/faq.php?#f61 |title=PhpBB FAQ: How can I add / remove users to my Friends or Foes list? |publisher=PhpBB.com |accessdate=2008-09-14}}</ref> Almost all internet forums include a ''member list'', which allows display of all forum members, with integrated search feature. Some forums will not list members with 0 posts, even if they have activated their accounts.

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Many forums allow users to give themselves an ''avatar''. An avatar is an image that appears beside all of a user's posts, in order to make the user more recognizable. The user may upload the image to the forum database, or may provide a link to an image on a separate website. Each forum has limits on the height, width, and data size of avatars that may be used; if the user tries to use an avatar that is too big, it may be scaled down or rejected.

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Similarly, most forums allow users to define a ''signature'' (sometimes called a ''sig''), which is a block of text, possibly with BBCode, which appears at the bottom of all of the user's posts. There is a character limit on signatures, though it may be so high that it is rarely hit. Often the forum's moderators impose manual rules on signatures to prevent them from being obnoxious (for example, being extremely long or having flashing images), and issue warnings or bans to users who break these rules. Like avatars, signatures may improve the recognizability of a poster. They may also allow the user to attach information to all of their posts, such as proclaiming support for a cause, noting facts about themselves, or quoting humorous things that have previously been said on the forum.

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Common on forums, a ''subscription'' is a form of automated notification integrated into the software of most forums. It usually notifies either by email or on the site when the member returns. The option to subscribe is available for every thread while logged in. Subscriptions work with ''read marking'', namely the property of ''unread'' which is given to the content never served to the user by the software.

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Recent development in some popular implementations of forum software has brought ''social network features and functionality''. Such features include personal galleries, pages as well as a social network like chat systems.

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~~Most forum software is now fully customizable with "hacks" or "modifications" readily available to customize your forum to yours and your members needs.~~

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~~==Rules and policies on forums==~~

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Forums are governed by a set of individuals, collectively referred to as ''staff'', made up of ''administrators'' and ''moderators'', which are responsible for the forums' conception, technical maintenance, and policies (creation and enforcing). Most forums have a list of rules detailing the wishes, aim and guidelines of the forums creators. There is usually also a FAQ section contain basic information for new members and people not yet familiar with the use and principles of a forum (generally tailored for specific forum software).

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Rules on forums usually apply to the entire user body and often have preset exceptions, most commonly designating a section as an exception. For example, in an Information technology (IT) forum any discussion regarding anything but computer programming languages may be against the rules, with the exception of a ''general chat'' section.

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Forum rules are maintained and enforced by the moderation team, but users are allowed to help out via what is known as a report system. Most American forum software contains such a system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phpbb.com/community/faq.php#f29 |title=phpBB FAQ: How can I report posts to a moderator? |publisher=phpBB.com |accessdate=2008-09-14}}</ref><ref name="vBFAQDTU">{{cite web |url=http://www.vbulletin.com/forum/faq.php?faq=vb3_board_usage#faq_vb3_troublesome_users |title=vBulletin FAQ: Dealing with Troublesome Users |publisher=vBulletin.com |accessdate=2008-09-14}}</ref> It consists of a small function applicable to each post (including one's own). Using it will notify all currently available moderators of its location, and subsequent action or judgment can be carried out immediately, which is particularly desirable in large or very developed boards. Generally, moderators encourage members to also use the ''private message'' system if they wish to report behavior. Moderators will generally frown upon attempts of moderation by non-moderators, especially when the would-be moderators do not even issue a report. Messages from non-moderators acting as moderators generally declare a post as against the rules, or predict punishment. While not harmful, statements which attempt to enforce the rules are discouraged.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2008-09-14 |publisher=phpBB.com |title=Community Rules [http://www.phpbb.com/rules/#rule1c 1c] |quote=Members are asked to not act as 'back seat moderators'. If members note an issue which contravenes something in this policy document they are welcome to bring it to the attention of a member of the Moderator Team. Please use the 'post report' feature to report posts. Do not respond to such topics yourself. Members who constantly 'act' as moderators may be warned.}}</ref>

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When rules are broken several steps are commonly taken. First a warning is usually given; this is commonly in the form of a ''private message'' but recent development has made it possible for it to be integrated into the software. Subsequently, if the act is ignored and warnings do not work, the member is – usually – first exiled from the forum for a number of days. Denying someone access to the site is called a ''ban''. Bans can mean the person can no longer log in or even view the site anymore. If the offender, after the warning sentence, repeats the offense, another ban is given, usually this time a longer one. Continuous harassment of the site eventually leads to a permanent ban. In most cases this simply means the account is locked. In extreme cases where the offender – after being permanently banned – creates another account and continues to harass the site, administrators will apply an IP address (IP) ban or block (this can also be applied at the server level): if the IP is static, the machine of the offender is prevented from accessing the site. In some extreme circumstances, IP range bans or country bans can be applied; this is usually for political, licensing or other reasons. See also: Block (Internet), IP blocking, Internet censorship.

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Offending content is usually deleted. Sometimes if the topic is considered the source of the problem, it is ''locked''; often a poster may request a topic expected to draw problems to be locked as well, although the moderators decide whether to grant it. In a ''locked thread'', members cannot post anymore. In cases where the topic is considered a breach of rules it – with all of its posts – may be deleted.

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~~===Troll===~~