| − | By 1993, [[Fritz Perls]] had been dead for nearly a quarter century. His theories and therapy lived on. In The Gestalt Journal's Fall '93 issue celebrating the centennial of Perls' birth, Norman Friedman<ref name = Friedman>Friedman, N. (1993). Fritz Perls's layers' and the empty chair: A reconsideration. ''The Gestalt Journal, XVI''(2), pp. 95-118.</ref>, director of the Gestalt Therapy Center in Queens, reviews the genesis of the topdog-underdog dichotomy, explains the rationale for the use of the "hot seat" in topdog-underdog role playing, and provides examples of therapist/patient interplay a la Perls.
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